The risks and discomforts involved in vascular imaging include those associated with all catheterization procedures. These risks or discomforts may occur at any time with varying frequency or severity. Additionally, these complications may necessitate additional medical treatment including surgical intervention and, in rare instances, result in death. Complications may include:
- Allergic reaction (device, contrast or other)
- Arrhythmia
- Device entrapment requiring surgical intervention
- Embolism (air, foreign body, tissue or thrombus)
- Hemorrhage/Hematoma
- Hepatic dysfunction
- Hypotension/hypertension
- Infection/sepsis
- Ischemia
- Renal insufficiency/failure
- Stroke/cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack
- Thrombosis/thrombus
- Vasospasm
- Vessel injury (including perforation, trauma, rupture, dissection, and pseudoaneurysm)
- Vessel occluion